1. Which of the following best describes discrete data?
A. Information measured along an unbroken scale using decimals like weight
B. Information counted in exact, separate steps or whole numbers
C. A mathematical statement that has been proven true beyond any doubt
D. An unbroken range of values representing physical time
Explanation: Discrete data refers to information that you count in exact, separate steps or whole numbers.
2. Why is the open sentence 'X + 1 = 2' classified as a non-proposition?
A. It is always strictly true.
B. It is always strictly false.
C. It contains an unspecified variable making its truth value undetermined.
D. It is formatted as an imperative command.
Explanation: Open sentences with unspecified variables are not propositions because they lack a definitive true or false value.
3. In the context of argument validity, why is the 'ground is wet' raining example considered invalid?
A. The premises are guaranteed to force a true conclusion.
B. The ground could be wet from another source like watering a garden.
C. Both premises are inherently false.
D. The conclusion correctly matches the premise.
Explanation: An argument is invalid if the premises are true but the conclusion could still be false due to alternative sources.
4. What is the inverse of a conditional statement represented as P → Q?
A. q → p
B. ¬q → ¬p
C. ¬p → ¬q
D. p ↔ q
Explanation: The inverse of a conditional statement P → Q negates both parts, resulting in ¬p → ¬q.
5. According to the truth table rules for logical operators, when is a Conditional statement (P → Q) considered false?
A. Only when P is False and Q is True
B. Only when P is True and Q is False
C. When both P and Q are False
D. When both P and Q are True
Explanation: A conditional statement is only false when the 'IF' (P) is True and the 'THEN' (Q) is False.