1. Which of the following best defines discrete data?
A. Information measured along an unbroken scale using decimals
B. Information you count in exact, separate steps or whole numbers
C. A mathematical statement proven true beyond any doubt
D. A step-by-step logical chain showing a claim's validity
Explanation: Discrete data consists of information that is counted in exact, separate steps or whole numbers.
2. What is a mathematical statement that has been proven true beyond any doubt called?
A. Proposition
B. Theorem
C. Premise
D. Discrete structure
Explanation: A theorem is defined as a mathematical statement that has been proven true beyond any doubt.
3. Which of the following statements qualifies as a valid proposition?
A. Bossing, is that you?
B. Read this carefully.
C. X + 1 = 2
D. Manila is the capital of China.
Explanation: Propositions must be strictly True or False, and 'Manila is the capital of China' is a valid (though false) proposition.
4. Why is the argument concluding 'it is raining' because 'the ground is wet' considered invalid?
A. Because the premises are false
B. Because the ground could be wet from another source like watering a garden
C. Because premises cannot guarantee a conclusion
D. Because it contains a conditional statement
Explanation: An invalid argument allows for true premises to lead to a false conclusion, such as the ground being wet from an alternative source.
5. What is a single proposition glued together with logical operators called?
A. Truth table
B. Compound proposition
C. Converse
D. Discrete structure
Explanation: A compound proposition consists of two or more statements joined together using logical operators.
6. When is a conjunction (p ∧ q) considered True?
A. Only when both p and q are True
B. When either p or q is True
C. Only when both p and q are False
D. When p is False and q is True
Explanation: A conjunction is true only when both of its component propositions are true.
7. If the original conditional statement is P → Q, what is its inverse?
A. q → p
B. ¬q → ¬p
C. ¬p → ¬q
D. p ↔ q
Explanation: The inverse of a conditional statement P → Q is negated on both sides as ¬p → ¬q.
8. According to the XOR (Exclusive OR) rule, what is the output when both input values are True?
A. True
B. False
C. Undetermined
D. Depends on R
Explanation: In XOR, if the values match ('parehas ang value'), the output is automatically false.
9. In a Biconditional operation (P ↔ Q), what makes the output False?
A. When both values are True
B. When both values are False
C. When the values are not matching
D. When P is False and Q is True only
Explanation: For a biconditional statement, if the values are not matching ('hindi parehas ang value'), the result is automatically false.
10. Under what specific condition is a Conditional statement (P → Q) considered False?
A. When P is True and Q is False
B. When P is False and Q is True
C. When both P and Q are False
D. When both P and Q are True
Explanation: A conditional statement is only false when the 'IF' premise is True and the 'THEN' conclusion is False.