1. Which philosopher asserted that morality is strictly based on reason alone, meaning that acting morally is equivalent to acting rationally?
A. Aristotle
B. Immanuel Kant
C. Plato
D. Socrates
Explanation: Immanuel Kant stated that morality is based on reason alone and that acting morally equals acting rationally.
2. According to the comparison between morals and ethics, what is a key feature of morals regarding their source and universality?
A. Dictated by society, culture, or religion and varies across them
B. Chosen by the individual guided by right reason
C. Remains the same across all cultures and religions
D. Expressed purely as explicit individual actions
Explanation: Morals are sourced from society, culture, or religion and vary across them, unlike universally constant ethics.
3. Which of the following is specifically noted as one of the six characteristics of moral standards?
A. They are established and decided by authority figures.
B. They deal with matters of personal taste, etiquette, or preference.
C. They are universalizable and apply to everyone in similar situations.
D. They are solely associated with avoiding legal fines rather than guilt.
Explanation: A core characteristic of moral standards is that they are universalizable and apply to everyone in similar situations.
4. In the classification of dilemma types, which memory cue and definition corresponds to a 'Sequential' dilemma?
A. Loyalty vs. Honesty
B. High salary vs. community service
C. Partying tonight vs. studying for the future
D. Hiding an error leading to more lies
Explanation: A sequential dilemma occurs when one initial choice triggers a chain of new ethical dilemmas, such as hiding an error leading to more lies.
5. Which Filipino value refers to a sense of discretion, honor, and self-respect before taking action?
A. Delicadeza
B. Bayanihan
C. Pakikiramdam
D. Utang na Loob
Explanation: Delicadeza is defined as discretion, a sense of honor, and self-respect or hiya before acting.