1. What is the etymological origin and literal meaning of the word 'philosophy'?
A. Greek 'philos' (duty) and 'sophia' (truth)
B. Greek 'philos' (love) and 'sophia' (wisdom)
C. Latin 'mos' (custom) and 'sophia' (knowledge)
D. Latin 'ethos' (character) and 'logos' (reason)
Explanation: Philosophy derives from the Greek words 'philos' meaning love and 'sophia' meaning wisdom.
2. According to Immanuel Kant, what is the foundation of morality?
A. Religious texts and divine commands
B. Cultural customs and societal norms
C. Reason alone, where acting morally equals acting rationally
D. Personal emotional responses and empathy
Explanation: Immanuel Kant explicitly stated that morality is based on reason alone and that acting morally means acting rationally.
3. How do morals and ethics differ regarding their source and universality?
A. Morals are chosen by individuals and vary, while ethics are dictated by society and remain the same.
B. Morals are dictated by society/culture and vary, while ethics are chosen by the individual via right reason and remain the same.
C. Both morals and ethics are universally identical across all cultures and religions.
D. Both morals and ethics depend entirely on individual personal preferences and taste.
Explanation: Morals come from society and vary across cultures, whereas ethics are chosen by the individual using right reason and remain constant.
4. Which of the following is NOT one of the six characteristics of moral standards?
A. They deal with actions that can seriously injure or benefit humans.
B. They are established and decided by authority figures.
C. They are universalizable to everyone in similar situations.
D. They are associated with special vocabulary and emotions like guilt.
Explanation: Moral standards are notably characterized by not being established or decided by authority figures.
5. What distinguishes a moral dilemma from a non-moral dilemma?
A. Moral dilemmas involve personal preferences and convenience, while non-moral dilemmas involve honesty and fairness.
B. Moral dilemmas involve difficult choices between moral values, whereas non-moral dilemmas involve practical choices with no ethical right or wrong.
C. Moral dilemmas have easy solutions, while non-moral dilemmas are impossible to resolve.
D. Non-moral dilemmas only occur in institutional workplaces.
Explanation: Moral dilemmas deal with core ethical values, while non-moral dilemmas focus on practical choices like taste, resources, or convenience.
6. In the context of types of dilemmas, what does a 'Temporal' dilemma involve?
A. Choosing between a present benefit and a long-term future benefit
B. Choosing between two conflicting moral options that both cause negative outcomes
C. A situation where one choice triggers a chain of new ethical dilemmas
D. Competing, incommensurable life values
Explanation: A temporal dilemma involves balancing immediate gratification or present benefits against long-term future benefits.
7. Which type of dilemma is characterized by one choice being clearly right, but the wrong choice being tempting or easier?
A. Classic dilemma
B. Orthogonal dilemma
C. Sequential dilemma
D. Unequal dilemma
Explanation: An unequal dilemma features a clear ethical choice where the wrong option is tempting or easier to take.
8. At which level of moral dilemma does a conflict happen within an institution or workplace, such as whistleblowing on company defects?
A. Personal level
B. Organizational level
C. Systemic level
D. Sequential level
Explanation: Organizational moral dilemmas occur within a workplace or institution where an individual balances duty to the organization against ethical truth.
9. A doctor choosing who receives the only available hospital ventilator represents which level of moral dilemma?
A. Personal level
B. Organizational level
C. Systemic level
D. Temporal level
Explanation: Allocating scarce medical resources like ventilators under institutional policies is an example of a systemic moral dilemma rooted in large-scale social or institutional systems.
10. What does the Filipino positive value of 'Pakikiramdam' refer to?
A. Communal unity and helping neighbors
B. Sensitivity to other people's feelings
C. Keeping one's word and commitments
D. Discretion, sense of honor, and self-respect
Explanation: Pakikiramdam is a facet of pakikipagkapwa-tao that denotes a high level of sensitivity to the feelings of others.
11. Which Filipino trait is described as having high enthusiasm at the start of a project that quickly dies out?
A. Mañana Habit
B. Ningas-Kugon
C. Crab Mentality
D. Kanya-Kanya Syndrome
Explanation: Ningas-Kugon refers to the temporary blaze of enthusiasm that rapidly extinguishes, much like cogon grass catching fire.
12. How is 'Palabra de Honor' defined within Filipino moral character?
A. Chronic tardiness regarding standard schedules
B. Discretion and a deep sense of shame or hiya
C. Keeping one's word and commitments
D. Placing family loyalty above public laws
Explanation: Palabra de Honor is the strong commitment to keeping one's word and honoring personal promises.
13. What is the negative Filipino trait known as 'Crab Mentality'?
A. Habitually procrastinating tasks until a later time
B. Preferring foreign goods and culture over local products
C. Pulling down others out of envy or spite
D. Being overly dependent on authority figures before taking action
Explanation: Crab mentality describes the toxic tendency to pull down others who are succeeding out of envy or a 'if I can't have it, neither can you' mindset.
14. What does the 'Mañana Habit' entail in everyday behavior?
A. Taking institutional problems personally
B. Habitual procrastination ('mamaya na')
C. Passive surrender to fate ('bahala na')
D. Excessive competitiveness among peers
Explanation: The Mañana habit is the practice of delaying tasks or procrastinating with the mindset of doing them 'tomorrow'.
15. Which term describes the Filipino weakness of placing family loyalty above fairness, laws, or the common good?
A. Extreme Personalism
B. Extreme Family Centeredness
C. Colonial Mentality
D. Fatalism
Explanation: Extreme family centeredness occurs when excessive devotion to one's family overrides objective rules, laws, or universal fairness.