1. What is the etymological root and literal meaning of the word 'Philosophy'?
A. Greek 'Philos' (Love) + 'Sophia' (Wisdom)
B. Latin 'Mos' (Custom) + 'Ethos' (Character)
C. Greek 'Ethos' (Custom) + 'Logos' (Study)
D. Latin 'Sapere' (Wise) + 'Philia' (Friendship)
Explanation: Philosophy derives from the Greek roots 'Philos' meaning love and 'Sophia' meaning wisdom.
2. According to Immanuel Kant, how is morality fundamentally defined?
A. Morality is dictated by religious customs and societal traditions.
B. Morality is based on reason alone, meaning acting morally equals acting rationally.
C. Morality is determined by personal preferences and individual taste.
D. Morality changes across different cultures and legal jurisdictions.
Explanation: Immanuel Kant explicitly stated that morality is based on reason alone, making moral action equivalent to rational action.
3. Which of the following best contrasts the 'Focus' feature between Morals and Ethics?
A. Morals focus on Good vs. Evil, while Ethics focus on Right vs. Wrong.
B. Morals focus on Right vs. Wrong, while Ethics focus on Good vs. Evil.
C. Morals focus on personal preference, while Ethics focus on institutional rules.
D. Morals focus on legal compliance, while Ethics focus on cultural taboos.
Explanation: Morals focus specifically on right versus wrong, whereas ethics focus on good versus evil.
4. Which of the following is a core characteristic of moral standards?
A. They are established and decided primarily by authority figures.
B. They are based purely on personal fashion taste and etiquette.
C. They are universalizable and apply to everyone in similar situations.
D. They deal exclusively with minor inconveniences rather than serious wrongs.
Explanation: One of the six characteristics of moral standards is that they are universalizable and apply universally in similar situations.
5. What distinguishes a non-moral dilemma from a moral dilemma?
A. A non-moral dilemma involves severe ethical violations and duties.
B. A non-moral dilemma contains no ethical right or wrong and involves personal preference or resources.
C. A non-moral dilemma always triggers a chain of new ethical problems.
D. A non-moral dilemma requires choosing between two conflicting moral options.
Explanation: Non-moral dilemmas are practical choices involving personal preference or convenience without any ethical right or wrong.
6. In the context of the types of dilemmas, which type involves a present benefit versus a long-term future benefit?
A. Sequential dilemma
B. Orthogonal dilemma
C. Temporal dilemma
D. Unequal dilemma
Explanation: Temporal dilemmas are memory-cued by choices like partying tonight versus studying for the future.
7. A workplace whistleblowing scenario regarding company defects falls under which level of moral dilemmas?
A. Personal level
B. Organizational level
C. Systemic level
D. Individual level
Explanation: Organizational level dilemmas happen in a workplace or institution involving a duty to the organization versus ethical truth.
8. Which Filipino positive value represents sensitivity to other people's feelings?
A. Bayanihan
B. Pakikiramdam
C. Palabra de Honor
D. Delicadeza
Explanation: Pakikiramdam is defined under pakikipagkapwa-tao as sensitivity to other people's feelings.
9. What is the definition of the Filipino negative trait known as 'Ningas-Kugon'?
A. Chronic tardiness or running minutes behind standard time
B. High enthusiasm at the start that quickly dies out
C. Pulling down others out of envy
D. Habitual procrastination and delaying tasks
Explanation: Ningas-Kugon describes a burst of high enthusiasm at the start of an endeavor that quickly fizzles out.
10. Which Filipino weakness involves placing family loyalty above fairness, laws, or the common good?
A. Extreme Personalism
B. Extreme Family Centeredness
C. Kanya-Kanya Syndrome
D. Colonial Mentality
Explanation: Extreme Family Centeredness specifically places family loyalty above laws, fairness, and the common good.