1. What is the literal Greek translation of the word 'Philosophy'?
A. Love of Wisdom
B. Body of Customs
C. Right vs. Wrong
D. Search for Truth
Explanation: Philosophy combines the Greek words 'Philos' meaning love and 'Sophia' meaning wisdom.
2. According to Immanuel Kant, what is morality strictly based on?
A. Cultural traditions
B. Reason alone
C. Religious texts
D. Social contracts
Explanation: Kant stated that acting morally equals acting rationally based on reason alone.
3. Which of the following best describes the source of 'Morals'?
A. Chosen by the individual using right reason
B. Dictated by society, culture, or religion
C. Established entirely by personal logic
D. Universal across all known civilizations
Explanation: Morals are dictated and shaped by society, culture, or religion.
4. How are moral standards typically expressed?
A. As dynamic individual preferences
B. As explicit actions
C. As statements
D. As non-binding suggestions
Explanation: Morals are expressed as statements, whereas ethics are translated into explicit actions.
5. Which characteristic is unique to moral standards?
A. They are established by local authority figures
B. They are based on impartial considerations
C. They deal exclusively with etiquette and taste
D. They are completely subjective to individual moods
Explanation: Moral standards are characterized by being based on impartial considerations.
6. Rules are essential for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
A. They organize relations
B. They help achieve goals
C. They guarantee absolute wealth
D. They regulate institutions
Explanation: Rules help organize relations, clarify right from wrong, help achieve goals, and regulate institutions, but do not guarantee wealth.
7. What distinguishes a moral dilemma from a non-moral dilemma?
A. Moral dilemmas involve ethical values and right versus wrong choices.
B. Non-moral dilemmas always involve significant human injury.
C. Moral dilemmas are based purely on personal convenience.
D. Non-moral dilemmas feature conflicting core moral duties.
Explanation: Moral dilemmas specifically involve core ethical values and right versus wrong choices.
8. In which type of dilemma does a single choice trigger a chain of new ethical complications?
A. Classic
B. Temporal
C. Sequential
D. Unequal
Explanation: A sequential dilemma occurs when one choice triggers a chain of new ethical dilemmas, such as hiding an error leading to more lies.
9. What is the memory cue for an 'Orthogonal' dilemma?
A. Loyalty vs. Honesty
B. Partying tonight vs. studying for the future
C. High salary vs. community service
D. Studying honestly vs. cheating
Explanation: The memory cue for an orthogonal dilemma involving competing life values is a high salary versus community service.
10. Which level of moral dilemma occurs within a workplace or institution?
A. Personal
B. Organizational
C. Systemic
D. Universal
Explanation: Organizational dilemmas happen in institutions, such as whistleblowing on company defects.
11. A doctor choosing who gets the only available hospital ventilator is an example of which level of moral dilemma?
A. Personal
B. Organizational
C. Systemic
D. Temporal
Explanation: Systemic dilemmas are rooted in large-scale social policies, laws, or institutional systems like healthcare allocation.
12. What does the Filipino value of 'Pakikiramdam' refer to?
A. Communal unity and helping neighbors
B. Sensitivity to other people's feelings
C. Sense of discretion and honor
D. Keeping one's word and commitments
Explanation: Pakikiramdam is the Filipino trait of having high sensitivity to other people's feelings.
13. Which Filipino strength involves communal unity and helping neighbors?
A. Bayanihan
B. Palabra de Honor
C. Delicadeza
D. Utang na Loob
Explanation: Bayanihan represents communal unity and helping one's neighbors.
14. What is meant by the Filipino weakness known as 'Ningas-Kugon'?
A. Chronic tardiness
B. High enthusiasm at the start that quickly dies out
C. Pulling down others out of envy
D. Placing family loyalty above laws
Explanation: Ningas-Kugon describes a burst of enthusiasm at the beginning of an endeavor that rapidly fades away.
15. The Filipino negative trait of pulling down others out of envy is known as:
A. Kanya-Kanya Syndrome
B. Crab Mentality
C. Mañana Habit
D. Extreme Personalism
Explanation: Crab mentality refers to the behavior of pulling down others out of envy, akin to crabs in a bucket.
16. What term describes the Filipino practice of habitual procrastination or saying 'mamaya na'?
A. Fatalism
B. Filipino Time
C. Mañana Habit
D. Passivity
Explanation: Mañana habit refers to habitual procrastination and delaying tasks for later.
17. What is the Latin root word for 'Morals'?
A. Ethos
B. Mos
C. Philos
D. Sophia
Explanation: Morals originate from the Latin word 'Mos', meaning custom.
18. Which standard is based primarily on taste, etiquette, or personal preference?
A. Moral Standard
B. Universal Standard
C. Non-Moral Standard
D. Systemic Standard
Explanation: Non-moral standards are rules unrelated to morality that are based on taste, etiquette, or preference.
19. What does 'Palabra de Honor' signify in the context of Filipino character?
A. Discretion and sense of honor
B. Keeping one's word and commitments
C. Gratitude and sense of indebtedness
D. Communal unity and cooperation
Explanation: Palabra de honor translates to keeping one's word and honoring commitments.
20. Which Filipino weakness involves placing family loyalty above fairness, laws, or the common good?
A. Extreme Personalism
B. Colonial Mentality
C. Extreme Family Centeredness
D. Fatalism
Explanation: Extreme family centeredness places family loyalty above universal laws, fairness, or the common good.