1. What are the two Greek words that make up the term 'Philosophy'?
A. Ethos and Mos
B. Philos and Sophia
C. Sophia and Ethos
D. Philos and Mos
Explanation: Philosophy is derived from 'Philos', meaning love, and 'Sophia', meaning wisdom.
2. According to the text, which of the following best describes 'Morals'?
A. Dictated by society, culture, or religion
B. Deals with what is good and evil
C. Remains the same regardless of culture
D. Chosen by the person under right reason
Explanation: Morals refer to social, cultural, and religious beliefs that direct people to do what is customarily allowable.
3. Which of the following is NOT one of the six characteristics of moral standards?
A. Involve serious wrongs or significant benefits
B. Established primarily by authority figures
C. Have the trait of universalizability
D. Based on impartial considerations
Explanation: Moral standards are explicitly noted as not being established by authority figures.
4. In which type of dilemma must a person choose between immediate benefit and long-term benefit?
A. Classic Dilemma
B. Orthogonal Dilemma
C. Temporal Dilemma
D. Sequential Dilemma
Explanation: A temporal dilemma involves a conflict between present satisfaction or benefit and future responsibility or benefit.
5. What type of moral dilemma is exemplified by a doctor in a public hospital who has only one ventilator for two patients?
A. Personal Moral Dilemma
B. Organizational Moral Dilemma
C. Systemic Moral Dilemma
D. Classic Moral Dilemma
Explanation: A systemic moral dilemma is caused by the larger system, structure, or limited resources of society.
6. Who stated that 'Morality was based on reason alone, and once we understood it, we would see that acting morally is the same as acting rationally'?
A. Bryan Chester Cruz
B. Immanuel Kant
C. Aristotle
D. Plato
Explanation: The quote regarding morality based on reason alone is attributed to Immanuel Kant.
7. Under the strengths of the Filipino character, what is 'Pakikiramdam' defined as?
A. A sense of gratitude
B. Sensitivity to people's feelings
C. A basic sense of justice and fairness
D. The feeling of closeness to one another
Explanation: Pakikiramdam refers specifically to sensitivity to people's feelings.
8. Which Filipino negative value describes the behavior of preventing someone from achieving something due to jealousy or envy?
A. Ningas-kugon
B. Crab Mentality
C. Fatalism
D. Mañana Habit
Explanation: Crab Mentality is the behavior of pulling someone down due to envy, akin to crabs in a basket.
9. What does the Latin word 'MOS', from which 'Moral' is derived, mean?
A. Wisdom
B. Custom
C. Love
D. Rule
Explanation: The Latin word 'MOS' means custom.
10. What happens in an orthogonal dilemma?
A. A person chooses between immediate and future benefits
B. A chain of ethical decisions is created
C. The choices involve different values or priorities that are not directly comparable
D. One choice is clearly more ethical than the other
Explanation: An orthogonal dilemma occurs when choices involve different, non-comparable life values like salary versus community service.
11. Which Filipino positive value embodies the English term 'palabra de honor'?
A. Discretion and dignity
B. Honesty and commitment
C. Helpfulness
D. Bravery
Explanation: Palabra de honor reflects honesty and commitment where people try their best to fulfill promises.
12. What weakness of the Filipino character refers to the tendency to place family loyalty above fairness, merit, or the common good?
A. Extreme Personalism
B. Extreme Family Centeredness
C. Kanya-kanya Syndrome
D. Colonial Mentality
Explanation: Extreme family centeredness places family obligations above broader fairness and the common good.
13. Which term describes rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations and are simply a matter of preference or taste?
A. Moral Standards
B. Non-Moral Standards
C. Systemic Rules
D. Universal Laws
Explanation: Non-moral standards refer to rules unrelated to moral considerations, boiling down to taste or preference.
14. What is the idiom used to illustrate how Filipinos initially exhibit great enthusiasm for a project that fades away just as quickly?
A. Filipino time
B. Mañana Habit
C. Ningas-kugon
D. Crab Mentality
Explanation: Ningas-kugon describes fleeting enthusiasm that burns bright initially but fades out rapidly like cogon grass fires.
15. Which of the following best describes an unequal dilemma?
A. A dilemma where one option is morally better than the other, though the wrong choice may be tempting
B. A dilemma with no right or wrong answers at all
C. A difficult choice between two equal personal preferences
D. A situation involving two conflicting moral choices with negative consequences
Explanation: An unequal dilemma features one clearly superior moral choice, even if the wrong choice remains tempting.