1. What are the two Greek words that form the term 'Philosophy'?
A. Ethos and Mos
B. Philos and Sophia
C. Logos and Sophia
D. Philos and Ethos
Explanation: Philosophy is derived from the Greek words 'Philos' meaning love and 'Sophia' meaning wisdom.
2. Which of the following best describes the Latin word 'MOS' from which the word 'Moral' is derived?
A. Wisdom
B. Law
C. Custom
D. Rule
Explanation: The Latin word 'MOS' means custom.
3. According to the document, what happens to human life in the absence of rules?
A. It becomes peaceful
B. It becomes difficult
C. It becomes more organized
D. It becomes completely free
Explanation: The text explicitly states that the absence of rules makes human life difficult.
4. How do morals differ from ethics in terms of their origin or governance?
A. Morals are dictated by society, culture, or religion, while ethics are chosen by the person under right reason.
B. Morals remain the same regardless of culture, while ethics vary.
C. Morals are expressed in statements, while ethics are translated into actions.
D. Morals deal with good and evil, while ethics deal with right or wrong.
Explanation: Morals are dictated by society, culture, or religion, whereas ethics are chosen by the person himself using right reason.
5. Which characteristic distinguishes moral standards from non-moral standards?
A. They are established by authority figures.
B. They involve serious wrongs or significant benefits.
C. They are solely a matter of personal taste or preference.
D. They lack any association with special emotions like guilt.
Explanation: Moral standards involve serious wrongs or significant benefits unlike non-moral standards.
6. What type of dilemma occurs when a person must choose between immediate benefit and long-term benefit?
A. Classic Dilemma
B. Orthogonal Dilemma
C. Temporal Dilemma
D. Sequential Dilemma
Explanation: A temporal dilemma happens when choosing between a present benefit and a future benefit.
7. An employee discovers their company is hiding product defects and must choose between staying silent or reporting it. What type of moral dilemma is this?
A. Personal Moral Dilemma
B. Organizational Moral Dilemma
C. Systemic Moral Dilemma
D. Sequential Moral Dilemma
Explanation: An organizational moral dilemma happens within a workplace or group where one decides between company rules and ethical responsibility.
8. Who famously stated that morality was based on reason alone and acting morally is acting rationally?
A. Aristotle
B. Plato
C. Immanuel Kant
D. Socrates
Explanation: Immanuel Kant stated that morality is based on reason alone and acting morally is acting rationally.
9. What is the Filipino trait defined as sensitivity to people’s feelings under the category of Pakikipagkapwa-tao?
A. Utang na loob
B. Camaraderie
C. Pakikiramdam
D. Bayanihan
Explanation: Pakikiramdam is defined in the text as sensitivity to people's feelings.
10. Which of the following is listed as a weakness of the Filipino character?
A. Hospitability
B. Colonial Mentality
C. Faith and Religiosity
D. Flexibility and Adaptability
Explanation: Colonial Mentality is explicitly listed as a weakness of the Filipino character.
11. What does the Filipino negative value 'Ningas-kugon' refer to?
A. Preventing someone from achieving something due to jealousy
B. Exhibiting great enthusiasm at the beginning that fades away quickly
C. An attitude of 'what goes around, comes around'
D. Putting family loyalty above fairness or merit
Explanation: Ningas-kugon illustrates how Filipinos initially show great enthusiasm that fades away just as quickly.
12. Which term describes the behavior of pulling someone down out of jealousy or envy ('If I can’t have it, you too as well')?
A. Fatalism
B. Crab Mentality
C. Mañana Habit
D. Extreme Personalism
Explanation: Crab Mentality refers to preventing someone from achieving something due to jealousy or envy.
13. What does the 'Mañana Habit' or procrastination involve in daily life?
A. Arriving minutes or hours behind standard time
B. Waiting for deadlines because of laziness or preference for other things
C. Talking about others' business and destroying relationships
D. Placing family obligations above the common good
Explanation: The Mañana habit refers to waiting for the deadline instead of working early because of feeling lazy or wanting to do other things.
14. What type of dilemma involves choices featuring different life values or priorities that are not directly comparable, such as a high-paying job versus community service?
A. Classic Dilemma
B. Unequal Dilemma
C. Orthogonal Dilemma
D. Temporal Dilemma
Explanation: An orthogonal dilemma occurs when choices involve different, non-comparable life values or priorities.
15. In the context of the document, non-moral standards are best described as:
A. Rules based on universal human rights
B. Matters of taste, preference, or practicality
C. Principles dictated by religious authority
D. Laws enforced by social institutions
Explanation: Non-moral standards refer to rules unrelated to moral considerations and are simply a matter of taste or preference.
16. What type of dilemma creates a chain of ethical decisions where one choice leads directly to another ethical dilemma?
A. Sequential Dilemma
B. Classic Dilemma
C. Unequal Dilemma
D. Temporal Dilemma
Explanation: A sequential dilemma happens when one decision leads to another ethical decision, creating a chain.
17. A doctor in a public hospital has only one ventilator for two dying patients due to limited resources in the healthcare system. What kind of dilemma is this?
A. Personal Moral Dilemma
B. Organizational Moral Dilemma
C. Systemic Moral Dilemma
D. Classic Dilemma
Explanation: A systemic moral dilemma happens when the problem is caused by the larger system, structure, or policies of society like limited healthcare resources.
18. Which Filipino positive value embodies the 'palabra de honor'?
A. Bravery
B. Honesty and commitment
C. Discretion and dignity
D. Gratefulness
Explanation: Honesty and commitment are associated with 'palabra de honor,' meaning trying our best to fulfill our promises.
19. What is the meaning of the Filipino negative value 'Fatalism'?
A. Having a selfish, self-serving attitude toward others
B. An attitude of 'what goes around, comes around' or 'come what may'
C. The tendency to place family loyalty above fairness
D. Relying heavily on foreign products and culture
Explanation: Fatalism is described as an attitude of 'what goes around, comes around' or 'come what may'.
20. Which of the following characteristics does NOT belong to the six characteristics of Moral Standards?
A. They are established by authority figures.
B. They involve serious wrongs or significant benefits.
C. They have the trait of universalizability.
D. They are based on impartial considerations.
Explanation: Moral standards explicitly are NOT established by authority figures, making that choice incorrect as a characteristic.